Financial headlines have rightly been dominated by the largest 7-day sell-off of the Chinese yuan on record. Everyone’s speculating whether it’s been a deliberate move by the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) or not. The consensus is that it’s been PBOC initiated to shake out carry trade speculators who’ve used low US interest rates to borrow low-yielding US dollars and buy the higher-yielding yuan and yuan-denominated assets. This before a move to increase the daily trading band for the yuan. A minority believe the yuan has unraveled of its own accord driven by a shortage of US dollars leading to the liquidation of yuan instruments. Either way, carry trades are being quickly unwound.
Asia Confidential thinks the vast majority of commentary has missed the underlying reasons for emerging market currency volatility, with the yuan being the latest example. What we’re really witnessing is a major rebalancing of global economic trade. Prior to 2008, the US had a massive consumption bubble, financed by its current account deficit which exported U.S. dollars and fueled global trade. Since the crisis, US consumption has slowed but QE has stepped in to provide the U.S. dollar liquidity needed for world trade. With the tapering of QE, that dollar liquidity is diminishing. And emerging market currencies such as the yuan are having to adjust to reflect real US demand. With or without PBOC intervention, that was bound to happen.
The concern for emerging markets is that this isn’t just a currency issue. The carry trades and subsequent inflows of capital have created substantial credit and real estate bubbles in many of these markets. The unwinding of these bubbles is likely to lead to banking crises in several countries, including China and China proxies such as Hong Kong, Australia and perhaps Singapore.
The hit to global economic activity will hurt inflated stock markets. As well as commodities, particularly the likes of iron ore and copper which have been widely used as collateral to finance trade/purchases in China. The winners out of all this are expected to include the US dollar, given less dollar liquidity means reduced supply vis-a-vis demand. And US Treasuries too due to the deflationary consequences of the economic re-balancing.
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Chinese Whispers
For years, the yuan has been a one-way bet. Even during the emerging market currency turmoil of last year, the yuan escaped unscathed and outperformed. Moreover, it’s done so with minimal volatility given a tightly-controlled trading band. That band involves the PBOC setting a daily fixing rate against the dollar around which the onshore yuan is permitted to rise or fall 1% a day.
Over the past week, things have changed rather dramatically. The PBOC guided the onshore currency weaker through higher fixes. The move caused consternation in some quarters. The one-way bet became two-way and many got burned.
The PBOC hasn’t adequately explained the move and it’s left everyone to speculate about the ultimate reasons. Most are in little doubt that it’s been orchestrated by the central bank.
The most common reason ascribed is that it’s a tactical move by the PBOC to introduce more yuan volatility before widening the trading band, a long-held aim of theirs. This could be right though it’s a clumsy way to go about it.
Another explanation is that it could be a move to bring onshore and offshore rates together before the trading band increase. By way of background, the onshore rate is obviously that within China itself. The offshore rate is via Hong Kong, where the yuan is better known as the CNH and trades without restrictions imposed onshore by Chinese authorities.
Two weeks ago, the spread between the CNH rate and onshore rate reached its widest since 2010. Some suggest this prodded the central bank into action.
A third explanation has been put forward also. That the Chinese want a weaker currency to help its exporters and support the economy. This could well have validity and the authorities wouldn’t exactly advertise if this were the case. It’s dangerous though as it could lead to capital outflows and tighter credit, thereby accelerating the country’s economic slowdown.
There’s an altogether different explanation though involving the yuan devaluation having nothing to do with Chinese authorities. The theory is that the yuan carry trade is unraveling of its own accord. Reduced US dollar liquidity triggered by QE tapering has resulted in reduced flows for the carry trade and the liquidation of yuan-related instruments. And that’s caused a surge in offshore CNH liquidity.
It’s difficult to pinpoint where the truth lies. But we are more certain that this isn’t the end of yuan volatility as it isn’t just a China issue. And it isn’t just a carry trade issue. And it certainly isn’t just a QE tapering issue. It’s deeper than that and the threads go back to the global trade imbalances of pre-2008 and the policies since which have covered them up … until now.
The Great Economic Rebalancing
To better understand this, let’s step back for a moment. As everyone knows, the US dollar is the world’s reserve currency. Given this, the US has to run large trade deficits (where imports exceed exports) in order to export US dollars and lubricate global trade. Other nations need US dollars to conduct trade and build foreign exchange reserves which bolster their own currency and provide the asset base for the expansion of credit within their own country.
The US had a massive consumption bubble prior to 2008. This was financed by its trade and current account deficit (trade is a large part of the current account). US consumption collapsed during the crisis and the current account deficit started to narrow.
Then Bernanke stepped in with QE, which in effect financed US consumption and global trade. It prevented the pre-2008 economic imbalances from correcting.
US deficits have continued to sharply decline due to the domestic energy boom (reducing the reliance on oil imports), cheap and more competitive labor given the more than decade declines in the US dollar and the end of the consumption boom. But QE1, 2 and 3 have filled the gap to finance global trade.
Now that the Fed is tapering QE, that’s reducing the supply of US dollars into the global marketplace. Global macro strategists, Gavekal, in a report called US Current Account and Vanishing Global Liquidity, describe the impact on emerging markets:
“…if the amounts generating by the US current account are insufficient to meet overseas nations’ needs, then these economies will…be forced to either borrow dollars (not a long term solution), flog domestic assets or run down foreign exchange reserves. Hence, when I see central bank reserves deposited at the Fed falling, I know we are getting close to a “black swan” event, as dumping these precious “savings” is, for any country, always a desperate last resort.”
And a reduction in foreign exchange reserves at the Fed is exactly what’s happening now.
It’s important to note, as strategist Vince Foster points out, reductions of foreign exchange reserves held at the Fed have usually preceded financial crises. And it should also be noted that the largest foreign exchange reserves belong to China and its reserves dropped sharply both before the 2000 downturn and the 2008 financial crisis. The expectation here is that China’s foreign exchange reserves may well start falling soon. This would shock many investors.
More EM Drama to Come
The good times were very good for emerging markets prior to mid-last year. Capital inflows led to currency appreciation which provided the liquidity for domestic investment and consumption booms.
Since the 2008 financial crisis, emerging market foreign exchange reserves have increased by US.7 trillion, their monetary bases are up US.2 trillion and money supply (M2) has risen by US.9 trillion.
Unsurprisingly, that’s fueled mammoth property booms. Hong Kong and Chinese residential real estate prices have doubled over the past five years, while Singapore’s are up 70%.
Carry trades have partly financed the asset booms. Bank of America Merrill Lynch estimates that emerging market external loan and bond issuance has increased by US.9 trillion since the third quarter of 2008.
And the banks are at the heart of this and other financing. Thus, Hong Kong banks have been the go-to for the China carry trade. And their net lending to China itself has increased from 18% of Hong Kong GDP in 2007 to 148% now.
QE is the trigger for an unwinding of all this. The weakest links, those countries with chronic current account deficits such as Turkey, have been hit first. Asia Confidential believes the next in line will be the countries where the largest credit bubbles have occurred.
And that’s where China comes into play. Those who insist that China doesn’t have a debt problem don’t get it. History shows that it isn’t the amount of debt, but the pace it’s gathered which matters when it comes to potential financial crises.
With this, China is in a league of its own. Since 2008, Chinese total outstanding credit has more than doubled. Its banking assets having grown by US$14 trillion, or the equivalent of the entire US commercial banking sector.
Credit growth in the years leading to the bursting of previous credit bubbles — such as the US pre-2008, Japan pre-1990 and South Korea pre-1997 — has been 40-50%. China’s credit growth has dwarfed this and it’s easy to see the dangers that represents.
We believe the next phase of this crisis will be felt in the banking systems of several countries. China is the obvious one and that’s already begun (with defaults in trust funds).
Hong Kong banks are among the most vulnerable outside of China. That’s not only because of the exposure to lending to the mainland. But overall bank assets now total around 800% of GDP. It doesn’t take a genius to work out the disproportionate impact that even a small percentage of those assets going bad would have on the city’s GDP.
Australia and Singapore don’t have the same direct China lending exposure but the risks to their respective banking systems are high also. The Australian economy is highly dependent on Chinese commodity imports and the country’s big four banks have financed a monstrous property bubble off the back of the decade-long mining boom. Moreover, the Australian banks rely on short-term external financing as loan-to-deposit ratios are close to 120%.
The Singapore banking sector is also at risk given its domestic credit boom which has seen bank assets increase to total 650% of the country’s GDP. Yes, Singaporean banks have large capital buffers but significant risk remains.
Winners and Losers
There are a number of commentators, particularly out of the US, who suggest that the emerging market crisis won’t have any impact on developed market economies. They’re deluded.
Emerging markets account for more than 50% of global GDP. Moreover, emerging markets ex-China represent a third of global imports. Including China, they account for 43% of imports. An slowdown in emerging markets will hurt their imports and therefore exporters in the developed world.
In addition, the profits of many US and European companies depend on overseas markets, particularly in the developing world. For instance, more than 50% of S&P 500 profits are generated outside of the US.
So the emerging market crisis will substantially impact global economic growth. And stock markets, particularly elevated ones such as the US, are most vulnerable.
Commodities are likely to be hit too. China is the largest consumer of most commodities and a downturn there will reduce their previously insatiable consumption. Even precious metals may be impacted given the deflationary consequences of a China slowdown. Though bullish on gold, we suspect it may break key US$1,180/ounce levels and have a further lurch down before climbing again.
As for the likely winners as the emerging market crisis deepens, Asia Confidential would put the US dollar at the top. The reason is that a reduction in the exporting of US dollars will result in less supply amid growing demand. This could well result in a sharp spike in the dollar.
The fate of US treasury bonds is an interesting one. Declining foreign exchange reserves of emerging markets should mean reduced demand for treasuries. In theory, this should put pressure of bond prices. However, given accelerating deflationary forces, we’d suggest Europe and the US central bank will step in to plug the demand gap.
AC Speed Read
- The Chinese yuan has dominated headlines given its largest weekly loss on record.
- What we’re really witnessing in China and other emerging markets is a major rebalancing of global trade.
- Carry trades and subsequent inflows of capital have created substantial credit and real estate bubbles in many of these markets.
- The unwinding of these bubbles is likely to lead to banking crises in China and in China proxies such as Hong Kong, Australia and perhaps Singapore.
- That should lead to corrections in elevated stock markets, particularly in the US. Commodities are also expected to suffer.
- The biggest winners are expected to be the US dollar and US treasury bonds.
