Initial Reaction
Today’s employment report shows an increase of 161,000 jobs. So far this year, job gains for the nation have averaged 181,000 per month, compared to an average monthly increase of 229,000 in 2015.
The employment change for September revised up from +156,000 to +191,000, and the change for August revised up from +167,000 to +176,000. Including revisions, job growth has averaged 176,000 over the past 3 months.
The household survey actually shows a loss in employment for the month of 43,000.
Let’s dive into the details in the BLS Employment Situation Summary, unofficially called the Jobs Report.
BLS Jobs Statistics at a Glance
- Nonfarm Payroll: +161,000 – Establishment Survey
- Employment: -43,000 – Household Survey
- Unemployment: -152,000 – Household Survey
- Involuntary Part-Time Work: -5,000 – Household Survey
- Voluntary Part-Time Work: +23,000 – Household Survey
- Baseline Unemployment Rate: -0.1 to 4.9% – Household Survey
- U-6 unemployment: -0.2 to 9.5% – Household Survey
- Civilian Non-institutional Population: +230,000
- Civilian Labor Force: -195,000 – Household Survey
- Not in Labor Force: +425,000 – Household Survey
- Participation Rate: -0.1 to 62.8 – Household Survey
Employment Report Statement
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 161,000 in October, and the unemployment rate was little changed at 4.9 percent. Employment continued to trend up in health care, professional and business services, and financial activities.
Unemployment Rate – Seasonally Adjusted
Nonfarm Employment Change From Previous Month
Nonfarm Employment Change from Previous Month by Job Type
Hours and Wages
Average weekly hours of all private employees was steady at 34.4 hours. Average weekly hours of all private service-providing employees was steady at 33.3 hours. Average weekly hours of manufacturers rose 0.1 hours to 40.8 hours.
Average hourly earnings of private workers rose __spamspan_img_placeholder__.04 to .72. Average hourly earnings of private service-providing employees rose __spamspan_img_placeholder__.04 to .50. Average hourly earnings of manufacturers rose __spamspan_img_placeholder__.05 to .62.
For the discussion of income distribution, please see What’s “Really” Behind Gross Inequalities In Income Distribution?
Birth Death Model
Starting January 2014, I dropped the Birth/Death Model charts from this report. For those who follow the numbers, I retain this caution: Do not subtract the reported Birth-Death number from the reported headline number. That approach is statistically invalid. Should anything interesting arise in the Birth/Death numbers, I will add the charts back.
Table 15 BLS Alternate Measures of Unemployment
Table A-15 is where one can find a better approximation of what the unemployment rate really is.
Notice I said “better” approximation not to be confused with “good” approximation.
The official unemployment rate is 4.9%. However, if you start counting all the people who want a job but gave up, all the people with part-time jobs that want a full-time job, all the people who dropped off the unemployment rolls because their unemployment benefits ran out, etc., you get a closer picture of what the unemployment rate is. That number is in the last row labeled U-6.
U-6 is much higher at 9.5%. Both numbers would be way higher still, were it not for millions dropping out of the labor force over the past few years.
Some of those dropping out of the labor force retired because they wanted to retire. The rest is disability fraud, forced retirement, discouraged workers, and kids moving back home because they cannot find a job.
Strength is Relative
It’s important to put the jobs numbers into proper perspective.
- In the household survey, if you work as little as 1 hour a week, even selling trinkets on eBay, you are considered employed.
- In the household survey, if you work three part-time jobs, 12 hours each, the BLS considers you a full-time employee.
- In the payroll survey, three part-time jobs count as three jobs. The BLS attempts to factor this in, but they do not weed out duplicate Social Security numbers. The potential for double-counting jobs in the payroll survey is large.
Household Survey vs. Payroll Survey
The payroll survey (sometimes called the establishment survey) is the headline jobs number, generally released the first Friday of every month. It is based on employer reporting.
The household survey is a phone survey conducted by the BLS. It measures unemployment and many other factors.
If you work one hour, you are employed. If you don’t have a job and fail to look for one, you are not considered unemployed, rather, you drop out of the labor force.
Looking for jobs on Monster does not count as “looking for a job”. You need an actual interview or send out a resume.
These distortions artificially lower the unemployment rate, artificially boost full-time employment, and artificially increase the payroll jobs report every month.
Final Thoughts
This was neither a strong nor weak report this month, but it may be good enough for the Fed to hike in December. There are lots more economic reports out between now and then.
