Fact - China is the world’s largest user of copper.
Copper is critical for China and the country has imported unbelievable tonnages over the years, but according to the copper bears the story could be coming to an end.
There are several reasons investors might question the longevity of China’s copper story:
- Concerns about weak global growth, investors are worried about China’s exports slowing and its implications for industrial metal demand
- China is thought to have high inventory levels of copper
- China’s economic growth has slowed to a three year low of 7.6 percent
- Surplus capacity
- Extraordinarily tight cash
According to the Beijing Antaike Information Development Co. copper consumption is expected to expand this year at the slowest rate since 1997.
Copper Market
“This lack of inventory growth is the hardest indicator that there has neither been a significant negative shock to demand nor a pronounced destocking cycle.”Andrew Keen, Head of Metals and Mining Equity Research for Europe, the Middle East and Africa, CNBC’s Asia Squawk Box
According to the International Copper Study Group (ICSG):
“The apparent refined copper balance for the first half 2012 indicates a production *deficit of 473,000 t (a seasonally adjusted deficit of 292,000 t)…As of the end of August, copper stocks held at the major metal exchanges (LME, COMEX, SHFE) totaled 434,277 t, a decline of 110,334 t from stocks held at the end of December 2011 and a decrease of 14,520 t from stock levels at the end of July 2012.”
*In September, the ICSG projected that global refined copper demand in 2011 would exceed refined copper production by about 200,000 tons, continuing the production deficit experienced in 2010.
The World Bureau of Metal Statistics said that from January to June 2012 worldwide copper demand surpassed production by 129,000 tons.
Also, according to ICSG Copper Market Forecast 2012-2013, in 2012, world refined copper production is projected to increase by only about 2.5% to reach 20.15 million metric tonnes (mmt). Global Industry Analysts Inc. forecasts that the global market for copper is projected to reach 27.5 mmt by the year 2017.
The world will need 7.35 million metric tonnes or 1.47 million metric tonnes of new copper production per year for the next five years to meet anticipated demand. How much copper is that? Thanks to about.com let’s look at copper production figures for 2010 from the world’s top copper miners.
Codelco - the Corporación Nacional del Cobre de Chile – controls about 20 percent of the world's reserves of copper. In 2010, Codelco produced approximately 1.76 million metric tons of refined copper, about 11% of total world copper production.
Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. (FCX) is the world's largest publicly traded copper producer. The company's assets include Grasberg, the world’s largest copper and gold mine in terms of recoverable reserves. FCX produced 1.44 million metric tons (mt) of refined copper in 2010, equal to 9% of the world total.
Xstrata Plc’s copper production in 2010 was over 900,000 metric tons, Rio Tinto produced approximately 700,000 t of copper, Anglo American 645,000 t, Groupo Mexico 645,000 t, Glencore 542,000 t, Southern Copper 542,000 t and KGHM Polska Miedz at 425,000 t.
FCX is the world’s largest publicly traded copper producer – 1.44 million metric tonnes of copper per year, the worlds going to need 1.47 million metric tonnes of new copper production per year, is another Freeport out there? Perhaps another Glencore, Southern Copper and KGHM will be built each year?
China’s Copper Market
According to Beijing Antaike, the state run nonferrous metals consultancy, Chinese copper consumption was up 7.8 percent in 2011 to 7.33 mt, is expected to grow 5.9 percent to 7.76 mt in 2012 and to reach 10 mt per year by 2020.
Currently there is an estimated two million metric tons of copper in China’s warehouses.
“That has to be put in context that over the next 5 years, China will probably consume 50 million tons of copper. So there is a major strategic shortfall in the copper market from a Chinese perspective and those warehouses are really part of that longer-term solution…We don’t think it’s a big problem for the copper market going forward.”Andrew Keen
Let’s consider Chinese copper inventories from another perspective – 2011’s 7.33 mt of copper usage works out to 20,082 tonnes a day, so two million tonnes of copper is 99 days of inventory – just three months worth of copper, two million tonnes for a country that, even if copper usage does not grow another tonne, will use 36.65 mt over the next five years, remember no one is forecasting Chinese copper consumption to stop growing, just slowing to between 2-4 percent growth.
At the end of August, copper stocks held at the major metal exchanges (LME, COMEX, SHFE) totaled 434,277 t.
Also consider:
“A market can appear to be in a deficit and a surplus simultaneously because economic forecasts only look at production and demand for the calendar year and exclude excess stocks carried over from the past. The current oversupply – high inventory levels - are a consequence of the economic conditions of the last three years, current and future supply deficits will be strong enough to digest that oversupply.
As much as one million metric tons of surplus isn't available for sale, it has to be part of the ebb and flow of moving copper down the line to the ultimate end product
Up to 600,000 metric tons is kept as China's rainy-day fund.” - Justin Lennon, metals analyst, Mitsui Bussan Commodities
The impact of a build-up of inventory due to Chinese rail delays – there was a build-up of goods in transit due to transport delays on Chinese railways - sales of copper cathode were slowed.
The outgoing Chinese government bosses, while waiting for a leadership change set for November 2012, are trying to prevent expansion from slipping below the 7.5 percent target set in March of this year.
China's powerful economic planning body, The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), announced approvals for 60 infrastructure projects worth more than 0 billion.
The new Chinese leaders are expected to introduce more policies to support the economy.
"Losses in base metal prices will be capped despite weak fundamentals and global economic worries, as investors expect Beijing to do the necessary fine-tuning to stabilise the economy before the 18th Communist Party Congress." CIFCO Futures analyst Zhou Jie, referring to China's leadership transition event scheduled on Nov. 8.
Demand/Consumption
Two factors are involved in increasing consumption. One is the growth in population:
2011 7 billion
2020 7.6 billion
2027 8 billion
2030 8.2 billion
2040 8.8 billion
2046 9 billion
2050 9.2 billion
The second factor is the growth in wealth in the major developing countries - China, India, Africa and Indonesia have enormous numbers of people who are already middle class and hundreds of millions still to become middle class.
According to the UN report “RESILIENT PEOPLE RESILIENT PLANET A Future Worth Choosing” the number of middle-class consumers will increase by three billion people over the next 20 years.
Copper consumption in developed countries remains stagnant but the appetite for copper in developing countries is growing at an astonishing pace.
The annual per-capita consumption of copper in India is 0.47 kg., China's is 5.4 kg. and the world average is 2.7 kg.
North American consumers use about 10kg of copper per capita. As China undergoes massive urbanization, builds its infrastructure and becomes more of a consumption orientated society, more like the west, copper consumption will start to approach North American levels. Because of the huge population differences between East and West just a slight increase in Asian and Indian consumption will translate into enormous demand growth.
"From a copper-specific perspective, we believe global copper consumption growth will continue to be underpinned by continued robust growth in completions until at least late 2013. This growth in completions is set to be complemented by a forecast pick up in property sales in 2013; higher property sales are associated with higher consumer appliance related copper demand. Together, these findings represent the backbone of our constructive view on copper over the next 6-12 months. The current wave of construction projects in China originated with the implementation of a stimulus package in 2009. Internal and external copper wiring (connection to grid) tends to be installed around project completion, and can account for as much as 50% of Chinese copper consumption. The construction cycle for the first wave of projects launched in 2009-2010 are now in their late stages, resulting in a sharp fall in new projects and rising building inventories.
A second wave of projects has started to gain momentum; "This second wave has yet to crest, underpinning global growth in 'late-cycle' assets or finishing commodities such as copper and aluminum.” Goldman Sachs analysts
Supply
The copper market is already in deficit as miners struggle with operational and labor problems and LME copper stocks are strongly held.
Lets state the obvious:
- For over the last ten years supply has struggled to keep pace with demand
- Metal supply is finite and subject to compounding demand from developing nations
- Metal production is highly cyclical, with intermittent peaks and troughs which are closely linked to economic cycles - declining production has historically been driven by falling demand and prices, not by scarcity
- Rates of production and amounts of reserves continually change in response to movements in markets and technological advances
- Most mineral resources will not be exhausted in the near future
- If energy was cheap and unlimited then recoverable resources would be unlimited
But
- Discovery and development is increasingly becoming more challenging and expensive
- Average ore grades are in decline for most minerals, yet production has increased dramatically
- Our most important metals are suffering from declining ore quality and rising extraction (ore is a different and inferior chemical or structural composition) costs
- Our prosperity has always been based on the fact that producing resources yielded more resources than it cost. However the cost of *energy is climbing, the amount used is climbing but the returns from energy expended is declining. Eventually the quantity of resources used in the extraction process will be 100% of what is produced
- Most older existing mines, the foundation of our supply, have increasing costs with production rates stagnating or even declining
- The rate of discovery is not keeping pace with the rate of depletion, let alone being higher
*Energy can be thought of as a proxy for labor, materials, energy and externalities – environmental, community impact etc.
The metal content of copper ore has been falling since the mid 1990s. A miner now has to dig up an extra 50 percent of ore to get the same amount of copper. As grade drops the amount of rock that must be moved and processed per tonne of produced copper rises dramatically – all the while using more energy that costs several times more than it use to. With the lower grades of ores now being mined energy becomes more and more of a factor when considering economics.
“We took the nice, simple, easy stuff first from Australia, we took it from the U.S., we went to South America. Now we have to go to the more remote places.” Glencore CEO, Ivan Glasenberg in the Financial Times describing why his firm operates in the Congo and Zambia
Conclusion
China has recently, and for the first time ever, revealed the size of its *copper inventories - and they **scared the hell out of investors when they did it.
*China's Non-Ferrous Metals Industry Association announced that the country's copper inventories were at about 1.9 million tons at the end of 2010.
**The International Copper Study Group had their published number at up to 1.5 million tons, no one was too worried about 1.5 mmt’s at the time but add another 400,000 t’s today…
If you were a buyer - and at 40% of world usage China is THE big buyer – and you needed stock would you want lower or higher prices?
Remember, a Chinese copper buying spree in early 2009 triggered a price rally from the lows of the financial crisis to new records above $10,000 a tonne.
Do you think China might have an interest in inflating the size of its stockpiles to push prices down? And really, does it matter if they have two million tonnes or three million tonnes today?
“Whatever the Chinese say that stocks are, in the end they still need copper.” George Cheveley, metals and mining portfolio manager at Investec Asset Management
Tomorrow they need more, a whole lot more, even if future economic growth “only” clocks in at an annual 7.5 percent compounded.
“over the next 5 years, China will probably consume 50 million tons of copper. So there is a major strategic shortfall in the copper market from a Chinese perspective”
Are Copper Shenanigans, and the investment opportunities presented, on your radar screen?
If not, maybe they should be.
